How do sensors convert mechanical quantities (such as pressure and weight) into electrical signals?
A sensor, as the name implies, is a device capable of sensing and responding to changes in external pressure. However, its application range is far more than that. It can also detect various mechanical quantities including tension, pulling force, weight, torque, internal stress and strain. The realization of this function benefits from the precise and complex structural design inside the pressure sensor.
The core of a pressure sensor lies in its force-sensitive element, also known as an elastic body. These elastic bodies are usually made of materials with high strength and high elastic modulus, such as aluminum alloy, alloy steel and stainless steel. When an external mechanical quantity acts on the elastic body, it will undergo a slight deformation, which is proportional to the applied mechanical quantity. It is this deformation that becomes the starting point for subsequent electrical signal conversion.
Next, the conversion element - resistance strain gauge, plays a key role. The resistance strain gauge is closely attached to the surface of the elastic body. When the elastic body deforms, the resistance strain gauge will also deform, resulting in a change in its resistance value. There is a definite functional relationship between this resistance change and the mechanical quantity, which is a key step for the pressure sensor to realize the conversion from mechanical quantity to electrical signal.
The circuit part is responsible for converting the resistance change of the resistance strain gauge into a measurable and transmissible electrical signal. Through the design of circuits such as Wheatstone bridge, the circuit part can accurately capture the resistance change of the resistance strain gauge and convert it into a voltage or current signal output. In this way, the mechanical quantity that is originally difficult to measure directly is transformed into a clearly distinguishable electrical signal.
The reason why pressure sensors can stand out among many sensors and become the first choice in many industrial fields is due to their advantages:
High precision: Adopting the high-precision resistance strain principle, pressure sensors can ensure the accuracy and reliability of measurement results. Whether it is a slight pressure change or a huge weight load, it can be accurately sensed and converted into an electrical signal.
Wide range: The range of pressure sensors is generally wide and can meet the measurement needs in different application scenarios. From slight changes in air pressure to huge hydraulic shocks, they can all be effectively captured and converted.
Convenient installation: Pressure sensors usually adopt a compression load-bearing design, which is convenient and flexible to install. Whether it is fixed on machinery and equipment or embedded in a pipeline system, it can be easily realized.
Durable and reliable: The force-sensitive elements and conversion elements made of corrosion-resistant and high-strength materials such as high-quality stainless steel, as well as the circuit parts that have undergone strict testing, ensure that the pressure sensor can still work stably in harsh environments and has a long service life and high reliability.
Rapid response: Pressure sensors have a high response frequency and can quickly respond to changes in external mechanical quantities and output corresponding electrical signals. This is particularly important for occasions that require real-time monitoring and control.
In medical equipment, pressure sensors also play an important role. They can monitor the patient's vital sign parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate, providing accurate diagnostic basis and treatment guidance for doctors.
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